<!doctype html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>

    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
    
    <meta name="referrer" content="no-referrer-when-downgrade">
    

    <title>Python操作mysql数据库 | 早起的年轻人</title>
    <meta property="og:title" content="Python操作mysql数据库 - 早起的年轻人">
    <meta property="og:type" content="article">
        
    <meta property="article:published_time" content='2021-09-15T09:43:11&#43;08:00'>
        
        
    <meta property="article:modified_time" content='2021-09-15T09:43:11&#43;08:00'>
        
    <meta name="Keywords" content="Flutter，golang,go语言,go语言笔记,飞雪无情,java,android,博客,项目管理,python,软件架构,公众号,小程序">
    <meta name="description" content="Python操作mysql数据库">
        
    <meta name="author" content="luckly">
    <meta property="og:url" content="https://luckly.work/post/python/python%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9Cmysql%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93/">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href='/favicon.ico'  type="image/x-icon">

    <link rel="stylesheet" href='/css/normalize.css'>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href='/css/style.css'>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js"></script>

    
    
    
        <link href="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/fancybox/3.5.7/jquery.fancybox.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    
    
    
    
        <link rel="stylesheet" href='/css/douban.css'>
    
        <link rel="stylesheet" href='/css/other.css'>
    
</head>

<link rel="stylesheet"
      href="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/11.2.0/styles/default.min.css">
<script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/11.2.0/highlight.min.js"></script>
<body>
    <header id="header" class="clearfix">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="col-group">
            <div class="site-name ">
                
                    <a id="logo" href="https://luckly.work/">
                        早起的年轻人
                    </a>
                
                <p class="description">专注于Flutter、Android、Java、Go语言(golang)、移动互联网、项目管理、软件架构</p>
            </div>
            <div>
                <nav id="nav-menu" class="clearfix">
                    <a class="current" href="https://luckly.work/">首页</a>
                    
                    <a  href="https://luckly.work/categories/" title="分类">分类</a>
                    
                    <a  href="https://luckly.work/tags/" title="标签">标签</a>
                    
                    <a  href="https://luckly.work/archives/" title="归档">归档</a>
                    
                    <a  href="https://luckly.work/about/" title="关于我">关于我</a>
                    
                    <a  href="https://github.com/ITmxs/" title="github">github</a>
                    
                </nav>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</header>

    <div id="body">
        <div class="container">
            <div class="col-group">

                <div class="col-8" id="main">
                    
<div class="res-cons">
    <style type="text/css">
    .post-toc {
        position: fixed;
        width: 200px;
        margin-left: -210px;
        padding: 5px 10px;
        font-family: Athelas, STHeiti, Microsoft Yahei, serif;
        font-size: 12px;
        border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .07);
        border-radius: 5px;
        background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.98);
        background-clip: padding-box;
        -webkit-box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .125);
        box-shadow: 1px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .125);
        word-wrap: break-word;
        white-space: nowrap;
        -webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        z-index: 999;
        cursor: pointer;
        max-height: 70%;
        overflow-y: auto;
        overflow-x: hidden;
    }

    .post-toc .post-toc-title {
        width: 100%;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-size: 20px;
        font-weight: 400;
        text-transform: uppercase;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .post-toc .post-toc-content {
        font-size: 15px;
    }

    .post-toc .post-toc-content>nav>ul {
        margin: 10px 0;
    }

    .post-toc .post-toc-content ul {
        padding-left: 20px;
        list-style: square;
        margin: 0.5em;
        line-height: 1.8em;
    }

    .post-toc .post-toc-content ul ul {
        padding-left: 15px;
        display: none;
    }

    @media print,
    screen and (max-width:1057px) {
        .post-toc {
            display: none;
        }
    }
</style>
<div class="post-toc" style="position: absolute; top: 188px;">
    <h2 class="post-toc-title">文章目录</h2>
    <div class="post-toc-content">
        <nav id="TableOfContents">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#数据库连接">数据库连接</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#实例">实例：</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#实例python-30">实例(Python 3.0+)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#创建数据库表">创建数据库表</a></li>
    <li><a href="#实例python-30-1">实例(Python 3.0+)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#数据库插入操作">数据库插入操作</a></li>
    <li><a href="#实例python-30-2">实例(Python 3.0+)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#数据库查询操作">数据库查询操作</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#实例-1">实例：</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#实例python-30-3">实例(Python 3.0+)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#数据库更新操作">数据库更新操作</a></li>
    <li><a href="#实例python-30-4">实例(Python 3.0+)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#删除操作">删除操作</a></li>
    <li><a href="#实例python-30-5">实例(Python 3.0+)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#执行事务">执行事务</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#实例-2">实例</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#实例python-30-6">实例(Python 3.0+)</a></li>
    <li><a href="#错误处理">错误处理</a></li>
  </ul>
</nav>
    </div>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
    $(document).ready(function () {
        var postToc = $(".post-toc");
        if (postToc.length) {
            var leftPos = $("#main").offset().left;
            if(leftPos<220){
                postToc.css({"width":leftPos-10,"margin-left":(0-leftPos)})
            }

            var t = postToc.offset().top - 20,
                a = {
                    start: {
                        position: "absolute",
                        top: t
                    },
                    process: {
                        position: "fixed",
                        top: 20
                    },
                };
            $(window).scroll(function () {
                var e = $(window).scrollTop();
                e < t ? postToc.css(a.start) : postToc.css(a.process)
            })
        }
    })
</script>
    <article class="post">
        <header>
            <h1 class="post-title">Python操作mysql数据库</h1>
        </header>
        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年9月15日
        </date>
        
        <div class="post-meta">
            <span>|</span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='/categories/python'>python</a></span>
            
        </div>
        
        
        <div class="post-meta">
            <span id="busuanzi_container_page_pv">|<span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv"></span><span>
                    阅读</span></span>
        </div>
        
        
        <div class="post-content">
            <h1 id="python-操作-mysql-数据库">Python 操作 MySQL 数据库</h1>
<h2 id="数据库连接">数据库连接</h2>
<p>连接数据库前，请先确认以下事项：</p>
<ul>
<li>您已经创建了数据库 TESTDB.</li>
<li>在TESTDB数据库中您已经创建了表 EMPLOYEE</li>
<li>EMPLOYEE表字段为 FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX 和 INCOME。</li>
<li>连接数据库TESTDB使用的用户名为 &ldquo;testuser&rdquo; ，密码为 &ldquo;test123&rdquo;,你可以可以自己设定或者直接使用root用户名及其密码，Mysql数据库用户授权请使用Grant命令。</li>
<li>在你的机子上已经安装了 Python MySQLdb 模块。</li>
<li></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="实例">实例：</h3>
<p>以下实例链接 Mysql 的 TESTDB 数据库：</p>
<h2 id="实例python-30">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2>
<pre><code>import pymysql

# 打开数据库连接
conn = pymysql.connect(
    host=&quot;47.117.1.68&quot;, port=3306, user=&quot;root&quot;, password=&quot;Xjg.201314&quot;, database=&quot;gorm&quot;
)
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标
print(&quot;连接数据库成功&quot;)
cursor = conn.cursor()
# 使用 execute() 方法执行 SQL，如果表存在则删除
cursor.execute(&quot;DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE&quot;)
# 使用预处理语句创建表
sql = &quot;&quot;&quot;CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
         FIRST_NAME  CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
         LAST_NAME  CHAR(20),
         AGE INT,  
         SEX CHAR(1),
         INCOME FLOAT )&quot;&quot;&quot;

# SQL 插入语句
sqlinsert = &quot;&quot;&quot;INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME,
         LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
         VALUES ('xzw', 'yxy', 24, 'M', 2000)&quot;&quot;&quot;

# SQL 查询语句
sqlfind = (
    &quot;SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE \
       WHERE INCOME &gt; %s&quot;
    % (1000)
)
# SQL 更新语句
sqlupdate = &quot;UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = '%c'&quot; % (&quot;M&quot;)

# SQL 删除语句
sqldelete = &quot;DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE &gt; %s&quot; % (20)
# 使用预处理语句创建表
sqlemp = &quot;&quot;&quot;CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
         FIRST_NAME  CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
         LAST_NAME  CHAR(20),
         AGE INT,
         SEX CHAR(1),
         INCOME FLOAT )&quot;&quot;&quot;


try:
    # 执行sql语句
    # cursor.execute(sqlupdate)
    # cursor.execute(sqlfind)
    cursor.execute(sqldelete)
    # 使用execute()方法执行SQL查询
    cursor.execute(&quot;SELECT VERSION()&quot;)
    # 使用 fetchone() 方法获取单条数据.
    data = cursor.fetchone()
    print(&quot;Database version : %s &quot; % data)

    # 提交到数据库执行
    conn.commit()

except:
    # 如果发生错误则回滚
    conn.rollback()

# 关闭数据库连接
conn.close()

</code></pre><p>执行以上脚本输出结果如下：</p>
<pre><code>Database version : 5.5.20-log
</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="创建数据库表">创建数据库表</h2>
<p>如果数据库连接存在我们可以使用execute()方法来为数据库创建表，如下所示创建表EMPLOYEE：</p>
<h2 id="实例python-30-1">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python3
 
import pymysql
 
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect(&quot;localhost&quot;,&quot;testuser&quot;,&quot;test123&quot;,&quot;TESTDB&quot; )
 
# 使用 cursor() 方法创建一个游标对象 cursor
cursor = db.cursor()
 
# 使用 execute() 方法执行 SQL，如果表存在则删除
cursor.execute(&quot;DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE&quot;)
 
# 使用预处理语句创建表
sql = &quot;&quot;&quot;CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
         FIRST_NAME  CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
         LAST_NAME  CHAR(20),
         AGE INT,  
         SEX CHAR(1),
         INCOME FLOAT )&quot;&quot;&quot;
 
cursor.execute(sql)
 
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="数据库插入操作">数据库插入操作</h2>
<p>以下实例使用执行 SQL INSERT 语句向表 EMPLOYEE 插入记录：</p>
<h2 id="实例python-30-2">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python3
 
import pymysql
 
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect(&quot;localhost&quot;,&quot;testuser&quot;,&quot;test123&quot;,&quot;TESTDB&quot; )
 
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标 
cursor = db.cursor()
 
# SQL 插入语句
sql = &quot;&quot;&quot;INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME,
         LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
         VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)&quot;&quot;&quot;
try:
   # 执行sql语句
   cursor.execute(sql)
   # 提交到数据库执行
   db.commit()
except:
   # 如果发生错误则回滚
   db.rollback()
 
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
</code></pre><p>以上例子也可以写成如下形式：</p>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python3
 
import pymysql
 
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect(&quot;localhost&quot;,&quot;testuser&quot;,&quot;test123&quot;,&quot;TESTDB&quot; )
 
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标 
cursor = db.cursor()
 
# SQL 插入语句
sql = &quot;INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, \
       LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME) \
       VALUES ('%s', '%s',  %s,  '%s',  %s)&quot; % \
       ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)
try:
   # 执行sql语句
   cursor.execute(sql)
   # 执行sql语句
   db.commit()
except:
   # 发生错误时回滚
   db.rollback()
 
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
</code></pre><p>以下代码使用变量向SQL语句中传递参数:</p>
<pre><code>..................................
user_id = &quot;test123&quot;
password = &quot;password&quot;

con.execute('insert into Login values( %s,  %s)' % \
             (user_id, password))
..................................
</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="数据库查询操作">数据库查询操作</h2>
<p>Python查询Mysql使用 fetchone() 方法获取单条数据, 使用fetchall() 方法获取多条数据。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>fetchone():</strong> 该方法获取下一个查询结果集。结果集是一个对象</li>
<li><strong>fetchall():</strong> 接收全部的返回结果行.</li>
<li><strong>rowcount:</strong> 这是一个只读属性，并返回执行execute()方法后影响的行数。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="实例-1">实例：</h3>
<p>查询EMPLOYEE表中salary（工资）字段大于1000的所有数据：</p>
<h2 id="实例python-30-3">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python3
 
import pymysql
 
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect(&quot;localhost&quot;,&quot;testuser&quot;,&quot;test123&quot;,&quot;TESTDB&quot; )
 
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标 
cursor = db.cursor()
 
# SQL 查询语句
sql = &quot;SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE \
       WHERE INCOME &gt; %s&quot; % (1000)
try:
   # 执行SQL语句
   cursor.execute(sql)
   # 获取所有记录列表
   results = cursor.fetchall()
   for row in results:
      fname = row[0]
      lname = row[1]
      age = row[2]
      sex = row[3]
      income = row[4]
       # 打印结果
      print (&quot;fname=%s,lname=%s,age=%s,sex=%s,income=%s&quot; % \
             (fname, lname, age, sex, income ))
except:
   print (&quot;Error: unable to fetch data&quot;)
 
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
</code></pre><p>以上脚本执行结果如下：</p>
<pre><code>fname=Mac, lname=Mohan, age=20, sex=M, income=2000
</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="数据库更新操作">数据库更新操作</h2>
<p>更新操作用于更新数据表的数据，以下实例将 TESTDB 表中 SEX 为 &lsquo;M&rsquo; 的 AGE 字段递增 1：</p>
<h2 id="实例python-30-4">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python3
 
import pymysql
 
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect(&quot;localhost&quot;,&quot;testuser&quot;,&quot;test123&quot;,&quot;TESTDB&quot; )
 
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标 
cursor = db.cursor()
 
# SQL 更新语句
sql = &quot;UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = '%c'&quot; % ('M')
try:
   # 执行SQL语句
   cursor.execute(sql)
   # 提交到数据库执行
   db.commit()
except:
   # 发生错误时回滚
   db.rollback()
 
# 关闭数据库连接
db.close()
</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="删除操作">删除操作</h2>
<p>删除操作用于删除数据表中的数据，以下实例演示了删除数据表 EMPLOYEE 中 AGE 大于 20 的所有数据：</p>
<h2 id="实例python-30-5">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2>
<pre><code>#!/usr/bin/python3
 
import pymysql
 
# 打开数据库连接
db = pymysql.connect(&quot;localhost&quot;,&quot;testuser&quot;,&quot;test123&quot;,&quot;TESTDB&quot; )
 
# 使用cursor()方法获取操作游标 
cursor = db.cursor()
 
# SQL 删除语句
sql = &quot;DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE &gt; %s&quot; % (20)
try:
   # 执行SQL语句
   cursor.execute(sql)
   # 提交修改
   db.commit()
except:
   # 发生错误时回滚
   db.rollback()
 
# 关闭连接
db.close()
</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="执行事务">执行事务</h2>
<p>事务机制可以确保数据一致性。</p>
<p>事务应该具有4个属性：原子性、一致性、隔离性、持久性。这四个属性通常称为ACID特性。</p>
<ul>
<li>原子性（atomicity）。一个事务是一个不可分割的工作单位，事务中包括的诸操作要么都做，要么都不做。</li>
<li>一致性（consistency）。事务必须是使数据库从一个一致性状态变到另一个一致性状态。一致性与原子性是密切相关的。</li>
<li>隔离性（isolation）。一个事务的执行不能被其他事务干扰。即一个事务内部的操作及使用的数据对并发的其他事务是隔离的，并发执行的各个事务之间不能互相干扰。</li>
<li>持久性（durability）。持续性也称永久性（permanence），指一个事务一旦提交，它对数据库中数据的改变就应该是永久性的。接下来的其他操作或故障不应该对其有任何影响。</li>
</ul>
<p>Python DB API 2.0 的事务提供了两个方法 commit 或 rollback。</p>
<h3 id="实例-2">实例</h3>
<h2 id="实例python-30-6">实例(Python 3.0+)</h2>
<pre><code># SQL删除记录语句
sql = &quot;DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE &gt; %s&quot; % (20)
try:
   # 执行SQL语句
   cursor.execute(sql)
   # 向数据库提交
   db.commit()
except:
   # 发生错误时回滚
   db.rollback()
</code></pre><p>对于支持事务的数据库， 在Python数据库编程中，当游标建立之时，就自动开始了一个隐形的数据库事务。</p>
<p>commit()方法游标的所有更新操作，rollback（）方法回滚当前游标的所有操作。每一个方法都开始了一个新的事务。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="错误处理">错误处理</h2>
<p>DB API中定义了一些数据库操作的错误及异常，下表列出了这些错误和异常:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">异常</th>
<th style="text-align:left">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Warning</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当有严重警告时触发，例如插入数据是被截断等等。必须是 StandardError 的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Error</td>
<td style="text-align:left">警告以外所有其他错误类。必须是 StandardError 的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">InterfaceError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当有数据库接口模块本身的错误（而不是数据库的错误）发生时触发。 必须是Error的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">DatabaseError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">和数据库有关的错误发生时触发。 必须是Error的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">DataError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">当有数据处理时的错误发生时触发，例如：除零错误，数据超范围等等。 必须是DatabaseError的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">OperationalError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">指非用户控制的，而是操作数据库时发生的错误。例如：连接意外断开、 数据库名未找到、事务处理失败、内存分配错误等等操作数据库是发生的错误。 必须是DatabaseError的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">IntegrityError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">完整性相关的错误，例如外键检查失败等。必须是DatabaseError子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">InternalError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">数据库的内部错误，例如游标（cursor）失效了、事务同步失败等等。 必须是DatabaseError子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">ProgrammingError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">程序错误，例如数据表（table）没找到或已存在、SQL语句语法错误、 参数数量错误等等。必须是DatabaseError的子类。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">NotSupportedError</td>
<td style="text-align:left">不支持错误，指使用了数据库不支持的函数或API等。例如在连接对象上 使用.rollback()函数，然而数据库并不支持事务或者事务已关闭。 必须是DatabaseError的子类。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

        </div>

        
<div class="post-archive">
    <ul class="post-copyright">
        <li><strong>原文作者：</strong><a rel="author" href="https://luckly.work/">luckly</a></li>
        <li style="word-break:break-all"><strong>原文链接：</strong><a href="https://luckly.work/post/python/python%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9Cmysql%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93/">https://luckly.work/post/python/python%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9Cmysql%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93/</a></li>
        <li><strong>版权声明：</strong>本作品采用<a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">知识共享署名-非商业性使用-禁止演绎 4.0 国际许可协议</a>进行许可，非商业转载请注明出处（作者，原文链接），商业转载请联系作者获得授权。</li>
    </ul>
</div>
<br/>



        

<div class="post-archive">
    <h2>See Also</h2>
    <ul class="listing">
        
        <li><a href="/post/python/python%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2/">Python相关的技术博客</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/python/python%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8/">Python实现自己的密码管理器</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/python/python%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%91ip/">Python查询自己的外网ip</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/python/python%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%80%E9%94%AE%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F/">Python实现一键启动应用程序</a></li>
        
        <li><a href="/post/python/python%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%A2ip%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E6%89%80%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0/">Python实现查询ip地址所在地</a></li>
        
    </ul>
</div>


        <div class="post-meta meta-tags">
            
            <ul class="clearfix">
                
                <li><a href='/tags/python'>python</a></li>
                
            </ul>
            
        </div>
    </article>
    
    

    
    
    <div class="post bg-white">
      <script src="https://utteranc.es/client.js"
            repo= "https://github.com/ITmxs/repo"
            issue-term="pathname"
            theme="github-light"
            crossorigin="anonymous"
            async>
      </script>
    </div>
    
</div>

                    <footer id="footer">
    <div>
        &copy; 2021 <a href="https://luckly.work/">早起的年轻人 By luckly</a>
        
        | <a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://beian.miit.gov.cn/">粤ICP备2021号-1</a>
        
    </div>
    <br />
    <div>
        <div class="github-badge">
            <a href="https://juejin.cn/user/3843548384077192" target="_black" rel="nofollow"><span class="badge-subject">Powered by</span><span class="badge-value bg-blue">掘金</span></a>
        </div>
        <div class="github-badge">
            <a href="https://space.bilibili.com/480883651" target="_black"><span class="badge-subject">Design by</span><span class="badge-value bg-brightgreen">早起的年轻人</span></a>
        </div>
        <div class="github-badge">
            <a href="https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/user/6702670" target="_black"><span class="badge-subject">Theme</span><span class="badge-value bg-yellowgreen">云社区</span></a>
        </div>
    </div>
</footer>


    
    <script type="text/javascript">
        window.MathJax = {
            tex2jax: {
                inlineMath: [['$', '$']],
                processEscapes: true
                }
            };
    </script>
    <script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML' async></script><script src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/fancybox/3.5.7/jquery.fancybox.min.js"></script>

<a id="rocket" href="#top"></a>
<script type="text/javascript" src='/js/totop.js?v=0.0.0' async=""></script>



    <script type="text/javascript" src="//busuanzi.ibruce.info/busuanzi/2.3/busuanzi.pure.mini.js" async></script>




    <script src='/js/douban.js'></script>
    <script src="/js/copy-to-clipboard.js"></script>

                </div>

                <div id="secondary">
    <section class="widget">
        <form id="search" action='https://luckly.work/search/' method="get" accept-charset="utf-8" target="_blank" _lpchecked="1">
      
      <input type="text" name="q" maxlength="20" placeholder="Search">
      <input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="https://luckly.work/">
      <button type="submit" class="submit icon-search"></button>
</form>
    </section>
    
    <section class="widget">
        <h3 class="widget-title">最近文章</h3>
<ul class="widget-list">
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/nginx/nginx%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9/" title="Nginx文件内容">Nginx文件内容</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/nginx/nginx%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%80%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/" title="Nginx极简教程">Nginx极简教程</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/nginx/%E5%8D%81%E5%88%86%E9%92%9F%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8nginx/" title="十分钟入门Nginx">十分钟入门Nginx</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/go/Goland%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE/" title="Goland远程开发配置">Goland远程开发配置</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6/%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90/" title="域名解析">域名解析</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/git/%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%A4%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E7%9C%81%E7%95%A5%E6%9F%90%E4%BA%9B%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6/" title="提交过程省略某些文件">提交过程省略某些文件</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/flutter_tips/Flutter_DropdownButton%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B/" title="Flutter_DropdownButton示例">Flutter_DropdownButton示例</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/flutter_tips/Flutter_ExpansionPanelList%E5%92%8CExpansionPanelList.radio%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B/" title="Flutter_ExpansionPanelList和ExpansionPanelList">Flutter_ExpansionPanelList和ExpansionPanelList</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/flutter_tips/Flutter%E5%BE%AE%E4%BF%A1%E5%88%86%E4%BA%AB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%B7%B3%E5%9B%9EApp%E6%8C%87%E5%AE%9A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/" title="Flutter微信分享链接跳回App指定页面">Flutter微信分享链接跳回App指定页面</a>
    </li>
    
    <li>
        <a href="https://luckly.work/post/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F/%E5%A4%96%E5%8C%85%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/" title="外包可能的问题">外包可能的问题</a>
    </li>
    
</ul>
    </section>

    

    <section class="widget">
        <h3 class="widget-title"><a href='/categories/'>分类</a></h3>
<ul class="widget-list">
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/Flutter/">Flutter (326)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/IT/">IT (2)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/Kotlin/">Kotlin (2)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/Mysql/">Mysql (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/nginx/">nginx (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/Vue/">Vue (6)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/YouTube%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD/">YouTube视频下载 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/android/">android (6)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/dart/">dart (96)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/Flutter/">Flutter (28)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/gin/">gin (25)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/git/">git (4)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/Go/">Go (102)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/gorm/">gorm (4)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/grpc/">grpc (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/html/">html (3)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/ios/">ios (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/linux/">linux (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/nginx/">nginx (6)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/python/">python (35)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/read/">读书笔记 (6)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/redis/">redis (2)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99/">个人资料 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E4%B9%A6%E5%8D%95/">书单 (8)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E4%B9%A6%E8%AF%84/">书评 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B8%88/">信息系统管理师 (19)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B8%88/">信息系统项目管理师 (25)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99/">原则 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF/">原生通讯 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/">基础 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94/">复利效应 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/">安装教程 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E5%B0%91%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%B5%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF/">少有人走的路 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%AD/">心语 (3)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E6%8F%92%E4%BB%B6/">插件 (2)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6/">教学 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E7%8E%8B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E/">王阳明 (3)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%B9%A6/">电子书 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%95/">登陆表单 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E7%A8%BB%E7%9B%9B%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%AB/">稻盛和夫 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E7%A9%B7%E7%88%B8%E7%88%B8%E5%AF%8C%E7%88%B8%E7%88%B8/">穷爸爸富爸爸 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E7%B2%BE%E8%BF%9B/">精进 (3)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B/">编程 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E8%99%9A%E5%B9%BB/">虚幻 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E8%B4%A2%E5%8A%A1%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/">财务自由之路 (2)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/">跑步 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%82/">路由传参 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF/">路线 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%AE%9E%E6%96%BD/">软件实施 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%A6/">阳明心学 (3)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/">项目 (1)</a></li>
    
    <li><a href="https://luckly.work/categories/%E9%AD%85%E5%8A%9B/">魅力 (1)</a></li>
    
</ul>
    </section>

    <section class="widget">
        <h3 class="widget-title"><a href='/tags/'>标签</a></h3>
<div class="tagcloud">
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/flutter/">flutter</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/IT/">IT</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/Kotlin/">Kotlin</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/Mysql/">Mysql</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/nginx/">nginx</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/Vue/">Vue</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/YouTube%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD/">YouTube视频下载</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/android/">android</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/dart/">dart</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/flutter/">flutter</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/gin/">gin</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/git/">git</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/go/">go</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/gorm/">gorm</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/grpc/">grpc</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/html/">html</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/ios/">ios</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/linux/">linux</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/nginx/">nginx</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/python/">python</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/redis/">redis</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99/">个人资料</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E4%B9%A6%E5%8D%95/">书单</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E4%B9%A6%E8%AF%84/">书评</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B8%88/">信息系统管理师</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B8%88/">信息系统项目管理师</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8/">入门</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99/">原则</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF/">原生通讯</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80/">基础</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94/">复利效应</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B/">安装教程</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%B0%91%E6%9C%89%E4%BA%BA%E8%B5%B0%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%AF/">少有人走的路</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%AD/">心语</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E6%8F%92%E4%BB%B6/">插件</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6/">教学</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E7%8E%8B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E/">王阳明</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%B9%A6/">电子书</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E7%99%BB%E9%99%86%E8%A1%A8%E5%8D%95/">登陆表单</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E7%A8%BB%E7%9B%9B%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%AB/">稻盛和夫</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E7%A9%B7%E7%88%B8%E7%88%B8%E5%AF%8C%E7%88%B8%E7%88%B8/">穷爸爸富爸爸</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E7%B2%BE%E8%BF%9B/">精进</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B/">编程</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%99%9A%E5%B9%BB/">虚幻</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%AF%97/">诗</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%AF%BB%E4%B9%A6%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0/">读书笔记</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%B4%A2%E5%8A%A1%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF/">财务自由之路</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%B7%91%E6%AD%A5/">跑步</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%82/">路由传参</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF/">路线</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%AE%9E%E6%96%BD/">软件实施</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E5%BD%95/">通讯录</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%A6/">阳明心学</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE/">项目</a>
    
    <a href="https://luckly.work/tags/%E9%AD%85%E5%8A%9B/">魅力</a>
    
</div>
    </section>

    
<section class="widget">
    <h3 class="widget-title">友情链接</h3>
    <ul class="widget-list">
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="http://www.topgoer.com/" title="枯藤">枯藤</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://gorm.cn/zh_CN/docs/index.html" title="gorm">gorm</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/tutorial/index.html" title="python">python</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://www.liwenzhou.com/" title="李文周">李文周的博客</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xbzweb.com/" title="小包子的博客">小包子的博客</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flysnow.org/" title="飞雪无情的博客">飞雪无情的博客</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://sliverhorn.com/" title="sliverhorn的博客">sliverhorn的博客</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="http://yuedu.baidu.com/ebook/14a722970740be1e640e9a3e" title="Android Gradle权威指南">Android Gradle权威指南</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://gesdh.cn/" title="小格子">格子导航</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://itachi.xyz/" title="阿林">itachi&#39;s Blog</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://darjun.github.io/" title="大俊">大俊Blog</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="https://geektutu.com/post/quick-golang.html" title="极客兔兔">极客兔兔Blog</a>
        </li>
        
        <li>
            <a target="_blank" href="http://zxfcumtcs.github.io/" title="赵雪峰">雪峰Blog</a>
        </li>
        
    </ul>
</section>


    <section class="widget">
        <h3 class="widget-title">其它</h3>
        <ul class="widget-list">
            <li><a href="https://luckly.work/index.xml">文章 RSS</a></li>
        </ul>
    </section>
</div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</body>

</html>